Risk factors for foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation in adults with end-stage renal disease on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Authors: Kaminski,M. R.;Raspovic,A.;McMahon,L. P.;Strippoli,G. F.;Palmer,S. C.;Ruospo,M.;Dallimore,S.;Landorf,K. B.

Publication: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association

Year: 2015

Volume: 30

Issue: 10

Start Page: 1747

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND: Adults with end-stage renal disease are at increased risk of foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation. However, the central determinants of lower limb injury and loss are incompletely understood.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of non-randomized studies that quantified the major risk factors for foot ulceration and amputation in adults treated with dialysis and analysed patient populations in which risks were greatest. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to generate summary estimates.

RESULTS: Thirty studies (48 566 participants) were identified. Risk factors for foot ulceration and amputation included previous foot ulceration (odds ratios, OR, 17.56 and 70.13), peripheral arterial disease (OR, 7.52 and 9.12), diabetes (OR, 3.76 and 7.48), peripheral neuropathy (OR, 3.24 and 3.36) and coronary artery disease (OR, 3.92 and 2.49). Participants with foot ulceration or amputation had experienced a longer duration of diabetes (mean difference, MD, 4.04 and 6.07 years) and had lower serum albumin levels (MD, -0.23 and -0.13 g/dL). Risk factors for foot ulceration also included retinopathy (OR, 3.03), previous amputation (OR, 15.50) and higher serum phosphorus levels (MD, 0.40 mg/dL), while risk factors for amputation also included male sex (OR, 1.50), current smoking (OR, 2.26) and higher glycated haemoglobin levels (MD, 0.75%).

CONCLUSIONS: Dialysis patients who have markedly higher risks of ulceration or amputation include those with previous foot ulceration or amputation, peripheral neuropathy, diabetes or macrovascular disease. The temporal relationship between these risk factors and the development of foot ulceration and/or limb loss is uncertain and requires further study. Stable estimates of the key risk factors for ulceration and amputation can inform the design of future trials investigating clinical interventions to reduce the burden of lower limb disease in the dialysis population.

  • Listing ID: 4641
  • Author/s: Kaminski,M. R.;Raspovic,A.;McMahon,L. P.;Strippoli,G. F.;Palmer,S. C.;Ruospo,M.;Dallimore,S.;Landorf,K.
  • Publication: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
  • Year: 2015
  • Volume: 30
  • Issue: 10
  • Start Page: 1747
  • Article Keywords: Adult;Amputation/statistics & numerical data;Diabetic Foot/etiology/surgery;Extremities/surgery;Female;Foot Ulcer/etiology/surgery;Humans;Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications/therapy;Male;Renal Dialysis/adverse effects;Risk Factors;amputation;dialysis;foot ulcer;systematic review